1 00:00:06,200 --> 00:00:04,070 okay-y sigh is consciousnesses only hope 2 00:00:08,120 --> 00:00:06,210 I've changed his title a little bit from 3 00:00:10,520 --> 00:00:08,130 what it says in your program both in 4 00:00:12,499 --> 00:00:10,530 light of the talk I'm responding to and 5 00:00:15,230 --> 00:00:12,509 further thoughts on exactly what the 6 00:00:17,090 --> 00:00:15,240 point was I was trying to make and the 7 00:00:19,519 --> 00:00:17,100 talk I'm responding to let's see if I 8 00:00:23,330 --> 00:00:19,529 can figure this out yes was given by 9 00:00:25,009 --> 00:00:23,340 Susan Blackmore back in 1996 her title 10 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:25,019 was why sigh tells us nothing about 11 00:00:29,900 --> 00:00:28,050 consciousness now I pick on Susan even 12 00:00:32,240 --> 00:00:29,910 though this is what 12 years after the 13 00:00:35,990 --> 00:00:32,250 fact for a couple reasons first of all 14 00:00:38,780 --> 00:00:36,000 her perspective mirrors pretty much that 15 00:00:41,780 --> 00:00:38,790 about about consciousness the the same 16 00:00:44,590 --> 00:00:41,790 perspective this kind of events and the 17 00:00:49,100 --> 00:00:44,600 psychology and the philosophy 18 00:00:50,540 --> 00:00:49,110 disciplines in general ok our concept is 19 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:50,550 we'll see is a little bit broader than 20 00:00:54,139 --> 00:00:52,770 that but but she's got a pretty pretty 21 00:00:56,240 --> 00:00:54,149 straightforward academic view of 22 00:00:59,900 --> 00:00:56,250 consciousness and she's really the only 23 00:01:02,540 --> 00:00:59,910 one that's addressed this issue of SCI 24 00:01:08,030 --> 00:01:02,550 in relation to consciousness in a kind 25 00:01:08,810 --> 00:01:08,040 of a sceptical way her argument goes 26 00:01:11,710 --> 00:01:08,820 something like this 27 00:01:13,760 --> 00:01:11,720 first of all ESP is probably 28 00:01:16,730 --> 00:01:13,770 non-existent she doesn't come right out 29 00:01:20,630 --> 00:01:16,740 and declare it non-existent she started 30 00:01:22,789 --> 00:01:20,640 off life as a parapsychologist very much 31 00:01:24,020 --> 00:01:22,799 disposed to believing in it and then 32 00:01:25,370 --> 00:01:24,030 over a series of disappointing 33 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:25,380 experiments concluded that there 34 00:01:29,690 --> 00:01:27,810 probably wasn't anything to it but they 35 00:01:31,550 --> 00:01:29,700 weren't inconclusive enough that she was 36 00:01:35,569 --> 00:01:31,560 ready to reject the the hypothesis 37 00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:35,579 altogether that ESP exists so I'm not 38 00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:37,860 going to say much more about that part 39 00:01:42,950 --> 00:01:40,490 of her argument that site doesn't exist 40 00:01:45,530 --> 00:01:42,960 that's a whole topic in itself and most 41 00:01:49,490 --> 00:01:45,540 of us are of the other mind based on 42 00:01:51,170 --> 00:01:49,500 evidence that we've seen ok one thing I 43 00:01:54,590 --> 00:01:51,180 do want to comment and I read her book 44 00:01:56,060 --> 00:01:54,600 and I found it very a very sincere 45 00:01:58,700 --> 00:01:56,070 effort to try and get to the bottom of 46 00:02:01,340 --> 00:01:58,710 what her experiences were but I think 47 00:02:02,980 --> 00:02:01,350 that throughout it has the demonstrates 48 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:02,990 the failing that many people get 49 00:02:09,440 --> 00:02:06,810 interested in ESP fall into and that is 50 00:02:11,089 --> 00:02:09,450 to lay too much faith in a certain 51 00:02:13,380 --> 00:02:11,099 paradigm relate to much faith in a 52 00:02:16,320 --> 00:02:13,390 certain way of thinking about it 53 00:02:18,630 --> 00:02:16,330 and not being ready or able or willing 54 00:02:19,920 --> 00:02:18,640 to branch out and consider things from a 55 00:02:21,870 --> 00:02:19,930 different perspective questions one 56 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:21,880 question ones assumptions think of a 57 00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:24,250 different way of approaching it she 58 00:02:26,940 --> 00:02:25,480 seems to have gotten kind of locked into 59 00:02:28,920 --> 00:02:26,950 a certain perspective and that happened 60 00:02:33,210 --> 00:02:28,930 to be a perspective that didn't work and 61 00:02:34,949 --> 00:02:33,220 hence her disappointment okay so second 62 00:02:36,150 --> 00:02:34,959 part of argument is that even if he SP 63 00:02:38,810 --> 00:02:36,160 does exist and this should have been 64 00:02:42,390 --> 00:02:38,820 sigh every time you see ESP thinks I 65 00:02:44,630 --> 00:02:42,400 even if ESP or sight does exist it gives 66 00:02:47,729 --> 00:02:44,640 no evidence for consciousness and 67 00:02:49,410 --> 00:02:47,739 further neuroscience hasn't found any 68 00:02:51,830 --> 00:02:49,420 evidence of consciousness you they have 69 00:02:55,740 --> 00:02:51,840 found no location in the brain where 70 00:02:57,840 --> 00:02:55,750 where consciousness exists and where 71 00:03:00,210 --> 00:02:57,850 consciousness is processed or whatever 72 00:03:01,770 --> 00:03:00,220 this is all more broadly known as the 73 00:03:03,840 --> 00:03:01,780 argument from physiology in the 74 00:03:05,490 --> 00:03:03,850 philosophy of mind the idea that science 75 00:03:07,949 --> 00:03:05,500 hasn't found anything that isn't 76 00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:07,959 physical in the brain and the conclusion 77 00:03:13,530 --> 00:03:10,120 is therefore we can safely presume that 78 00:03:17,970 --> 00:03:13,540 there is nothing that isn't physical in 79 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:17,980 mental or or brain processes okay so 80 00:03:21,180 --> 00:03:19,570 this raises two questions that we have 81 00:03:23,670 --> 00:03:21,190 to kind of address first what is 82 00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:23,680 consciousness and there are a couple of 83 00:03:30,030 --> 00:03:25,870 answers to this one is the easy answer 84 00:03:33,720 --> 00:03:30,040 nobody knows the true answer is 85 00:03:35,780 --> 00:03:33,730 everybody knows but you just can't 86 00:03:37,949 --> 00:03:35,790 describe it or explain it to anyone else 87 00:03:40,110 --> 00:03:37,959 consciousness is a very profoundly 88 00:03:42,150 --> 00:03:40,120 subjective experience and anytime you 89 00:03:43,590 --> 00:03:42,160 try and explain what your conscious 90 00:03:45,630 --> 00:03:43,600 experience is like to someone else you 91 00:03:47,460 --> 00:03:45,640 find yourself having to rely on words 92 00:03:50,250 --> 00:03:47,470 that you hope have the same meaning of 93 00:03:52,199 --> 00:03:50,260 the person you're talking to as opposed 94 00:03:53,580 --> 00:03:52,209 to maybe they have a whole different 95 00:03:55,140 --> 00:03:53,590 understanding of what you're saying okay 96 00:03:56,789 --> 00:03:55,150 we never know 97 00:03:59,580 --> 00:03:56,799 that's part of the mind-body problem and 98 00:04:00,750 --> 00:03:59,590 the problem of other minds we assume 99 00:04:02,310 --> 00:04:00,760 other people have minds 100 00:04:05,430 --> 00:04:02,320 although oftentimes when you're on the 101 00:04:08,699 --> 00:04:05,440 highway you're not so sure okay how do 102 00:04:11,250 --> 00:04:08,709 we define consciousness well this is a 103 00:04:13,430 --> 00:04:11,260 very vague sort of rough-and-ready 104 00:04:15,420 --> 00:04:13,440 definition I came up with on the fly 105 00:04:17,190 --> 00:04:15,430 everybody's got their own version of 106 00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:17,200 this but I'd say it's the mental 107 00:04:22,469 --> 00:04:18,910 experience of perceiving and tending 108 00:04:23,670 --> 00:04:22,479 apprehending and attending to okay now 109 00:04:25,080 --> 00:04:23,680 there's lots of words in there that need 110 00:04:25,690 --> 00:04:25,090 further definition before you know what 111 00:04:28,120 --> 00:04:25,700 the heck I'm talk 112 00:04:30,880 --> 00:04:28,130 about so I'm gonna defer to Susan here 113 00:04:34,030 --> 00:04:30,890 again for a moment and this is from 114 00:04:36,370 --> 00:04:34,040 another paper she wrote on consciousness 115 00:04:39,310 --> 00:04:36,380 and I'm gonna read from this and you can 116 00:04:41,080 --> 00:04:39,320 see you can follow along she says I felt 117 00:04:42,940 --> 00:04:41,090 happily into consciousness yesterday 118 00:04:45,490 --> 00:04:42,950 walking high on the Devon cliffs with 119 00:04:48,010 --> 00:04:45,500 the seagulls crying overhead the grass 120 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:48,020 brushing against my boots was so well 121 00:04:52,780 --> 00:04:50,930 grassy it was green and lush and 122 00:04:57,520 --> 00:04:52,790 glistening and changing all the time as 123 00:05:01,210 --> 00:04:57,530 I strode along this grassiness was my 124 00:05:04,630 --> 00:05:01,220 experience only I had just this vision 125 00:05:06,910 --> 00:05:04,640 from just this point of view yet I also 126 00:05:09,940 --> 00:05:06,920 believe that I have objectively realized 127 00:05:12,540 --> 00:05:09,950 the taken light and objectively existing 128 00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:12,550 brain cells in my head that make me see 129 00:05:17,650 --> 00:05:16,130 but how can this be how can objective 130 00:05:20,230 --> 00:05:17,660 things like brain cells produce 131 00:05:23,410 --> 00:05:20,240 subjective experiences like the feeling 132 00:05:24,820 --> 00:05:23,420 that I am striding through the grass and 133 00:05:27,310 --> 00:05:24,830 that of course is the problem of 134 00:05:31,230 --> 00:05:27,320 consciousness for philosophy of mind for 135 00:05:34,750 --> 00:05:31,240 psychology how is it that brain cells 136 00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:34,760 hardwired functional kinds of entities 137 00:05:40,570 --> 00:05:37,730 in the physical brain how can they 138 00:05:43,570 --> 00:05:40,580 produce the experiences we have when we 139 00:05:45,220 --> 00:05:43,580 have a conscious experience there seems 140 00:05:46,840 --> 00:05:45,230 to be a disconnect and it's been address 141 00:05:48,730 --> 00:05:46,850 in a couple of different ways David Shaw 142 00:05:50,740 --> 00:05:48,740 more calls it Chalmers calls it the hard 143 00:05:53,500 --> 00:05:50,750 problem the problem to try and figure 144 00:06:00,250 --> 00:05:53,510 out how you can explain how things feel 145 00:06:02,050 --> 00:06:00,260 in terms of fMRI and EEG and firing of 146 00:06:03,940 --> 00:06:02,060 synapses and all of that kind of stuff 147 00:06:07,900 --> 00:06:03,950 that that we try and explain everything 148 00:06:10,300 --> 00:06:07,910 else in terms of joe levine calls it the 149 00:06:14,140 --> 00:06:10,310 explanatory gap but it's essentially the 150 00:06:16,690 --> 00:06:14,150 same problem okay so one way of getting 151 00:06:17,950 --> 00:06:16,700 is that this was by Thomas Nagel had 152 00:06:20,170 --> 00:06:17,960 this interesting little article II 153 00:06:22,120 --> 00:06:20,180 basically what is it like to be a bat 154 00:06:24,070 --> 00:06:22,130 and so oftentimes people refer to 155 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:24,080 consciousness as the experience of what 156 00:06:30,790 --> 00:06:27,530 it is like to be you or to be me or to 157 00:06:32,710 --> 00:06:30,800 be anyone else they the interesting 158 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:32,720 metaphor here was okay a bat there's a 159 00:06:36,790 --> 00:06:34,610 certain way it is to be a bat and it's 160 00:06:38,320 --> 00:06:36,800 not like being a human and yet the 161 00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:38,330 things that distinguish being a bat from 162 00:06:44,460 --> 00:06:39,590 being a human 163 00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:44,470 these kind of non definable things 164 00:06:49,030 --> 00:06:46,790 experience what they call phenomenal 165 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:49,040 experiences or qualia has I'll use the 166 00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:52,130 term very often here okay so these are 167 00:06:56,770 --> 00:06:54,410 the things that go into making up what 168 00:06:58,900 --> 00:06:56,780 it's like experience alright perception 169 00:07:00,580 --> 00:06:58,910 the standard sensual perception the 170 00:07:03,190 --> 00:07:00,590 sensory input then processed by the 171 00:07:06,090 --> 00:07:03,200 brain and producing these experiences 172 00:07:08,170 --> 00:07:06,100 cognition the processing of information 173 00:07:12,010 --> 00:07:08,180 phenomenal experience the actual 174 00:07:14,620 --> 00:07:12,020 experiences we have of red or pain or 175 00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:14,630 the smell of cinnamon and those kinds of 176 00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:18,320 things and intentionality the the sense 177 00:07:22,900 --> 00:07:21,080 we have of relating to the rest of 178 00:07:25,360 --> 00:07:22,910 universe with a sense of about mrs. 179 00:07:28,600 --> 00:07:25,370 Brentano called it where when we regard 180 00:07:30,670 --> 00:07:28,610 a glass full of water we are aware of 181 00:07:33,180 --> 00:07:30,680 that thing as an object as an entity in 182 00:07:36,400 --> 00:07:33,190 itself sitting there in a way that isn't 183 00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:36,410 isn't expressible we just we just know 184 00:07:39,070 --> 00:07:37,610 it's there and we're aware of that 185 00:07:41,550 --> 00:07:39,080 that's a kind of aboutness that is the 186 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:41,560 root of intentionality 187 00:07:46,330 --> 00:07:44,690 so we addressed the first question very 188 00:07:48,340 --> 00:07:46,340 inadequately what is consciousness let's 189 00:07:49,750 --> 00:07:48,350 talk about this a second question that's 190 00:07:52,750 --> 00:07:49,760 perhaps more important to this lecture 191 00:07:54,940 --> 00:07:52,760 why is consciousness in trouble why is 192 00:07:57,220 --> 00:07:54,950 it that conscious and the consciousness 193 00:07:58,150 --> 00:07:57,230 needs hope why is it the consciousness 194 00:08:00,970 --> 00:07:58,160 needs help 195 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:00,980 why is sight not of any help to 196 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:03,650 consciousness what's the problem okay so 197 00:08:07,300 --> 00:08:05,930 here's the threat to consciousness well 198 00:08:10,150 --> 00:08:07,310 the threat to consciousness rather is 199 00:08:12,640 --> 00:08:10,160 the threat to mind itself it goes back 200 00:08:15,970 --> 00:08:12,650 to a much bigger argument whether mind 201 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:15,980 just is the brain whether what we 202 00:08:20,710 --> 00:08:17,840 perceive as our mental experiences are 203 00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:20,720 nothing more than the end product of a 204 00:08:24,630 --> 00:08:22,430 whole bunch of neuronal firings and 205 00:08:27,070 --> 00:08:24,640 electrochemical processes and and 206 00:08:29,170 --> 00:08:27,080 stimulation stimulation of nerve fibers 207 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:29,180 and all that kind of thing if the mind 208 00:08:34,180 --> 00:08:32,810 is only that then it's just the brain or 209 00:08:35,980 --> 00:08:34,190 whether the mind itself is something 210 00:08:38,860 --> 00:08:35,990 unique and something up over and above 211 00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:38,870 that at least in some respects and the 212 00:08:42,550 --> 00:08:40,850 fight started out with just mind versus 213 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:42,560 brain way back starting with Descartes 214 00:08:48,520 --> 00:08:46,130 and proceeding up to today but over time 215 00:08:51,580 --> 00:08:48,530 science has paired away the things that 216 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:51,590 we thought were mental about the mind 217 00:08:57,190 --> 00:08:53,210 and assigned it to the physical 218 00:08:58,780 --> 00:08:57,200 and in a sense the ho of consciousness 219 00:09:00,940 --> 00:08:58,790 the question of consciousness is all 220 00:09:04,390 --> 00:09:00,950 that's left in the mind versus brain 221 00:09:06,250 --> 00:09:04,400 battle okay so the threat consciousness 222 00:09:10,510 --> 00:09:06,260 is the threat to mind itself as a 223 00:09:15,220 --> 00:09:10,520 distinct entity mind as mind rather than 224 00:09:17,740 --> 00:09:15,230 mind as some physical product so let's 225 00:09:20,020 --> 00:09:17,750 talk about physicalism which is at root 226 00:09:22,570 --> 00:09:20,030 that premise that the mind just is the 227 00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:22,580 brain okay here here are the premises of 228 00:09:29,260 --> 00:09:24,680 physicalism only physical forces and 229 00:09:31,210 --> 00:09:29,270 states are causative all aspects of mind 230 00:09:35,290 --> 00:09:31,220 are the result of underlying physical 231 00:09:37,990 --> 00:09:35,300 processes and there isn't anything in 232 00:09:40,180 --> 00:09:38,000 the universe that isn't a consequence of 233 00:09:43,210 --> 00:09:40,190 matter or energy or some combination of 234 00:09:44,830 --> 00:09:43,220 the two and if there was something that 235 00:09:47,620 --> 00:09:44,840 was not a consequence of matter or 236 00:09:48,940 --> 00:09:47,630 energy it wouldn't matter at all to the 237 00:09:51,010 --> 00:09:48,950 physical universe it would be irrelevant 238 00:09:53,020 --> 00:09:51,020 to it that's for you those of you who 239 00:09:55,260 --> 00:09:53,030 like very long words with lots of 240 00:09:58,300 --> 00:09:55,270 syllables that's called the 241 00:10:02,560 --> 00:09:58,310 epiphenomenalism that that's the premise 242 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:02,570 there okay so according to physical 243 00:10:08,740 --> 00:10:05,090 isn't mind and therefore by extension 244 00:10:12,130 --> 00:10:08,750 consciousness is physical and only 245 00:10:17,140 --> 00:10:12,140 physical okay this poses some problems 246 00:10:19,750 --> 00:10:17,150 for us okay first off death survival if 247 00:10:23,170 --> 00:10:19,760 everything about human nature is only 248 00:10:25,780 --> 00:10:23,180 physical then forget about death 249 00:10:27,910 --> 00:10:25,790 survival there's no there's no substance 250 00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:27,920 to that and this is why you run into 251 00:10:31,650 --> 00:10:29,420 when you talk to mainstream scientists 252 00:10:35,080 --> 00:10:31,660 and skeptics who are very much 253 00:10:37,150 --> 00:10:35,090 subscribers to the physicalist thesis 254 00:10:38,680 --> 00:10:37,160 that's why they dismissed the idea of 255 00:10:40,660 --> 00:10:38,690 death survival or any of these kind of 256 00:10:43,960 --> 00:10:40,670 things does because if physical in the 257 00:10:45,550 --> 00:10:43,970 physical ISM is true then you don't 258 00:10:47,500 --> 00:10:45,560 survive death nor are there any 259 00:10:49,780 --> 00:10:47,510 spiritual components in universe any 260 00:10:51,520 --> 00:10:49,790 sorts of spiritual experiences at least 261 00:10:55,150 --> 00:10:51,530 in the terms that has traditionally been 262 00:10:58,180 --> 00:10:55,160 regarded as that all religious claims 263 00:11:00,520 --> 00:10:58,190 are bankrupt except those that deal only 264 00:11:05,199 --> 00:11:00,530 with sociology or psychology okay and 265 00:11:07,419 --> 00:11:05,209 perhaps most importantly freewill is 266 00:11:09,730 --> 00:11:07,429 then succumbs to determinism and 267 00:11:12,369 --> 00:11:09,740 indeterminism if you if physicalism is 268 00:11:14,769 --> 00:11:12,379 true there's a growing consensus you 269 00:11:16,900 --> 00:11:14,779 lose free will in any robust sense of 270 00:11:22,299 --> 00:11:16,910 that term so you see these are pretty 271 00:11:24,489 --> 00:11:22,309 major implications for individual and 272 00:11:28,090 --> 00:11:24,499 for society at large so physical isn't 273 00:11:29,889 --> 00:11:28,100 true physicalism is true it can it will 274 00:11:33,509 --> 00:11:29,899 change things dramatically it already 275 00:11:37,359 --> 00:11:33,519 has started to do that okay however 276 00:11:39,669 --> 00:11:37,369 excuse me consciousness itself is used 277 00:11:41,259 --> 00:11:39,679 as an argument against physicalism it 278 00:11:42,759 --> 00:11:41,269 sounds a little bit circular right 279 00:11:44,549 --> 00:11:42,769 physical isms trying to prove the 280 00:11:46,660 --> 00:11:44,559 consciousness is physical but 281 00:11:48,850 --> 00:11:46,670 consciousness itself is using to rebut 282 00:11:50,980 --> 00:11:48,860 that argument okay it's not as circular 283 00:11:53,559 --> 00:11:50,990 as it sounds but it is actually in vain 284 00:11:55,689 --> 00:11:53,569 is all explained here okay a number of 285 00:11:57,220 --> 00:11:55,699 our of interesting arguments and thought 286 00:11:59,350 --> 00:11:57,230 experiments have been used to try and 287 00:12:02,139 --> 00:11:59,360 show that consciousness is consciousness 288 00:12:03,489 --> 00:12:02,149 is not physical at least in any sense 289 00:12:05,079 --> 00:12:03,499 that the physicalist would like it to be 290 00:12:06,429 --> 00:12:05,089 I'm not going to explain all these 291 00:12:07,689 --> 00:12:06,439 arguments we don't have enough time but 292 00:12:11,619 --> 00:12:07,699 there are many interesting ones they're 293 00:12:12,999 --> 00:12:11,629 very colorfully entitled you got married 294 00:12:15,249 --> 00:12:13,009 the color scientists the knowledge 295 00:12:17,109 --> 00:12:15,259 argument I already talked about what it 296 00:12:19,090 --> 00:12:17,119 is like to be a bat there's the zombie 297 00:12:21,489 --> 00:12:19,100 argument and there's the inverted 298 00:12:23,079 --> 00:12:21,499 spectrum argument and perhaps in the QA 299 00:12:25,179 --> 00:12:23,089 or sometime after if you're not familiar 300 00:12:26,559 --> 00:12:25,189 with these arguments I can I can touch 301 00:12:28,660 --> 00:12:26,569 on them for you for a minute but all of 302 00:12:31,799 --> 00:12:28,670 these are used to show through various 303 00:12:35,049 --> 00:12:31,809 clever argumentation methods that 304 00:12:36,249 --> 00:12:35,059 consciousness is non-physical okay or at 305 00:12:38,739 --> 00:12:36,259 least that it's an argument against 306 00:12:41,470 --> 00:12:38,749 physicalism unfortunately they don't 307 00:12:43,809 --> 00:12:41,480 succeed and I'll explain why physicalism 308 00:12:46,059 --> 00:12:43,819 strikes back in order to understand how 309 00:12:47,859 --> 00:12:46,069 strikes back let's talk about how we 310 00:12:50,739 --> 00:12:47,869 establish the truth of physicalism in 311 00:12:53,169 --> 00:12:50,749 the first place first of all physicalism 312 00:12:54,999 --> 00:12:53,179 is proved by inductive evidence okay 313 00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:55,009 leading to what's known as inference to 314 00:13:00,609 --> 00:12:56,410 the best explanation 315 00:13:03,609 --> 00:13:00,619 physicalism is not a deduced proposition 316 00:13:06,850 --> 00:13:03,619 it is not proved like math like a math 317 00:13:08,710 --> 00:13:06,860 problem it is proved and in fact you can 318 00:13:10,030 --> 00:13:08,720 throw out the word prove because really 319 00:13:12,759 --> 00:13:10,040 when you get right down to it science 320 00:13:15,850 --> 00:13:12,769 doesn't deal improve science deals in 321 00:13:17,710 --> 00:13:15,860 preponderance of evidence and so the 322 00:13:18,569 --> 00:13:17,720 better your evidence the more likely or 323 00:13:20,699 --> 00:13:18,579 your 324 00:13:23,569 --> 00:13:20,709 theory is to be true and that's 325 00:13:24,780 --> 00:13:23,579 basically how physicalism is established 326 00:13:28,559 --> 00:13:24,790 okay 327 00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:28,569 so it involves enumerative induction so 328 00:13:32,009 --> 00:13:30,160 if you have one crow and then you find 329 00:13:33,720 --> 00:13:32,019 another crow and they're black and you 330 00:13:35,579 --> 00:13:33,730 find another crow and it's black and 331 00:13:37,019 --> 00:13:35,589 then you find another crow in this black 332 00:13:38,819 --> 00:13:37,029 eventually you conclude that any black 333 00:13:41,340 --> 00:13:38,829 crow you're going to encounter is black 334 00:13:45,239 --> 00:13:41,350 right that's completely familiar at all 335 00:13:47,639 --> 00:13:45,249 all right and how this argument works 336 00:13:51,539 --> 00:13:47,649 out with physicalism in science in 337 00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:51,549 general is that anytime we encounter a 338 00:13:55,530 --> 00:13:53,110 phenomenon that we think is supernatural 339 00:13:57,900 --> 00:13:55,540 when we investigate it very thoroughly 340 00:13:59,160 --> 00:13:57,910 we discover that there are physical 341 00:14:01,199 --> 00:13:59,170 explanations that are far better than 342 00:14:03,389 --> 00:14:01,209 any supernatural explanations so for 343 00:14:05,519 --> 00:14:03,399 example we have this view that disease 344 00:14:07,109 --> 00:14:05,529 is caused by evil demons that enter a 345 00:14:08,639 --> 00:14:07,119 person's body and then the witch doctor 346 00:14:10,350 --> 00:14:08,649 comes and shakes his rattle and blow 347 00:14:12,809 --> 00:14:10,360 some smoke and it chases the demons out 348 00:14:15,269 --> 00:14:12,819 and the person is cured but if you get a 349 00:14:17,009 --> 00:14:15,279 stubborn demon they die okay so you all 350 00:14:19,499 --> 00:14:17,019 bets are off the witch doctor does his 351 00:14:21,539 --> 00:14:19,509 best okay well then later on the germ 352 00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:21,549 theory comes along discovers that no 353 00:14:24,389 --> 00:14:23,110 diseases are caused by these little tiny 354 00:14:25,679 --> 00:14:24,399 things to get into the body and there 355 00:14:28,229 --> 00:14:25,689 are these things you can do to combat 356 00:14:29,429 --> 00:14:28,239 those terms and in fact your cure rate 357 00:14:31,559 --> 00:14:29,439 goes up dramatically 358 00:14:35,189 --> 00:14:31,569 that's evidence very strong evidence 359 00:14:37,590 --> 00:14:35,199 that the evil demons supernatural 360 00:14:38,939 --> 00:14:37,600 hypothesis is false and that you have a 361 00:14:42,569 --> 00:14:38,949 physical explanation that works very 362 00:14:44,579 --> 00:14:42,579 well okay so you have this hypothesis 363 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:44,589 that angels are pushing the planets 364 00:14:48,659 --> 00:14:45,730 around and that's what causes the 365 00:14:50,429 --> 00:14:48,669 movement of the planets well later on 366 00:14:52,079 --> 00:14:50,439 Copernicus and Kepler and Newton come 367 00:14:54,059 --> 00:14:52,089 along and we discover that no you can 368 00:14:56,549 --> 00:14:54,069 explain the movement of the planets by 369 00:14:58,619 --> 00:14:56,559 very plausible physical mechanisms we 370 00:15:01,350 --> 00:14:58,629 don't need angels anymore okay so you've 371 00:15:03,030 --> 00:15:01,360 established two cases where a physical 372 00:15:04,679 --> 00:15:03,040 explanation is far better than a 373 00:15:06,269 --> 00:15:04,689 supernatural explanation and after 374 00:15:08,309 --> 00:15:06,279 you've done dozens of those in hundreds 375 00:15:09,659 --> 00:15:08,319 and thousands of those you come to the 376 00:15:13,249 --> 00:15:09,669 conclusion through inference to the best 377 00:15:15,389 --> 00:15:13,259 explanation that anytime you encounter a 378 00:15:16,919 --> 00:15:15,399 supernatural explanation for a 379 00:15:19,229 --> 00:15:16,929 phenomenon that happens here in the 380 00:15:20,879 --> 00:15:19,239 physical world there's probably going to 381 00:15:22,710 --> 00:15:20,889 be a physical explanation for it so you 382 00:15:25,350 --> 00:15:22,720 can forget the supernatural explanation 383 00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:25,360 that's kind of how it works okay 384 00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:28,360 everybody clear on that okay 385 00:15:31,499 --> 00:15:30,100 so you get an induction and you get 386 00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:31,509 inference to the best explanation I 387 00:15:33,720 --> 00:15:32,410 couldn't could 388 00:15:36,420 --> 00:15:33,730 resist putting in this word in 389 00:15:37,020 --> 00:15:36,430 parentheses abduction it's not what 390 00:15:41,070 --> 00:15:37,030 you're thinking 391 00:15:42,660 --> 00:15:41,080 okay abduction actually refers to the 392 00:15:43,710 --> 00:15:42,670 logical principle of inference to the 393 00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:43,720 best explanation 394 00:15:49,910 --> 00:15:46,000 among other things of course but that's 395 00:15:52,350 --> 00:15:49,920 what it means here okay so because 396 00:15:54,540 --> 00:15:52,360 physicalism is proved by inductive 397 00:15:59,060 --> 00:15:54,550 evidence through empirical research 398 00:16:01,110 --> 00:15:59,070 right logical and deductive arguments 399 00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:01,120 can't disprove it 400 00:16:05,490 --> 00:16:03,870 and so often i's people launch 401 00:16:06,630 --> 00:16:05,500 philosophical arguments against 402 00:16:08,940 --> 00:16:06,640 physicalism and they just don't go 403 00:16:11,370 --> 00:16:08,950 anywhere because they don't get it what 404 00:16:14,460 --> 00:16:11,380 actually grounds physicalism the only 405 00:16:15,780 --> 00:16:14,470 way to deal with if you so how are you 406 00:16:17,810 --> 00:16:15,790 how do you deal with how do you fight 407 00:16:20,100 --> 00:16:17,820 physicalism the only way to do that is 408 00:16:22,580 --> 00:16:20,110 with a counter example so called white 409 00:16:24,660 --> 00:16:22,590 crow everybody's heard this term 410 00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:24,670 everybody thinks it came from what well 411 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:26,110 the different people think comes from 412 00:16:29,670 --> 00:16:27,490 different people but as far as I can 413 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:29,680 tell it originated with William James 414 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:31,690 he's when the first used the term white 415 00:16:39,390 --> 00:16:34,090 crow and he was referring to refuting 416 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:39,400 and in a enumerative induction the only 417 00:16:43,530 --> 00:16:40,570 way to do it is with a counter example 418 00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:43,540 okay so here we have all these crows and 419 00:16:46,860 --> 00:16:44,890 they're all black well what happens if 420 00:16:50,130 --> 00:16:46,870 we find a white crow well we disproved 421 00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:50,140 our induction but it doesn't work quite 422 00:16:55,860 --> 00:16:53,740 so easily that way in modern science one 423 00:17:01,520 --> 00:16:55,870 white crow isn't enough real quick why 424 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:01,530 isn't one white crow enough huh 425 00:17:04,260 --> 00:17:03,610 replication right it could be an 426 00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:04,270 accident 427 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:07,210 maybe that crow flew through a radiation 428 00:17:11,190 --> 00:17:08,530 stream you know or whatever we've got 429 00:17:15,090 --> 00:17:11,200 mutated who knows right you got to have 430 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:15,100 more than one white crow in science to 431 00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:17,170 establish whether or not an induction is 432 00:17:22,680 --> 00:17:21,220 falsified or not okay so the unfortunate 433 00:17:24,570 --> 00:17:22,690 thing is sources of white crows have 434 00:17:27,660 --> 00:17:24,580 dried up with air every time you 435 00:17:28,770 --> 00:17:27,670 disprove a supernatural hypothesis you 436 00:17:30,450 --> 00:17:28,780 have disparate now I'm using 437 00:17:33,660 --> 00:17:30,460 supernatural very glibly here a 438 00:17:35,750 --> 00:17:33,670 non-physical hypothesis if you will then 439 00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:35,760 you have lost one of your white crows 440 00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:39,250 which is why the qualia what it's like 441 00:17:42,420 --> 00:17:40,930 knowledge arguments why all the 442 00:17:44,960 --> 00:17:42,430 arguments from consciousness don't work 443 00:17:46,909 --> 00:17:44,970 is because 444 00:17:48,919 --> 00:17:46,919 although well let's see I guess this is 445 00:17:51,169 --> 00:17:48,929 where I can talk about this they don't 446 00:17:53,810 --> 00:17:51,179 work because they're inconclusive we 447 00:17:55,580 --> 00:17:53,820 don't know what makes that what it's 448 00:17:56,870 --> 00:17:55,590 like feeling when we experience the 449 00:17:59,000 --> 00:17:56,880 color red we don't know 450 00:18:01,850 --> 00:17:59,010 neuroscience hasn't figured that out it 451 00:18:04,130 --> 00:18:01,860 may never figure it out but the fact is 452 00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:04,140 because we also can't prove that it is 453 00:18:06,830 --> 00:18:05,490 non because we can't prove that 454 00:18:09,830 --> 00:18:06,840 neuroscience will never figure it out 455 00:18:12,049 --> 00:18:09,840 it's inconclusive and an inconclusive 456 00:18:14,060 --> 00:18:12,059 argument it's like like the baseball 457 00:18:16,610 --> 00:18:14,070 rule tie goes to the runner if you have 458 00:18:18,350 --> 00:18:16,620 an inconclusive argument inference to 459 00:18:20,510 --> 00:18:18,360 the best explanation throws the argument 460 00:18:22,340 --> 00:18:20,520 to the physicalists because they've won 461 00:18:24,890 --> 00:18:22,350 so many times in the past the odds are 462 00:18:27,649 --> 00:18:24,900 high that we will find at least by their 463 00:18:30,260 --> 00:18:27,659 assessment the odds are very high that 464 00:18:32,450 --> 00:18:30,270 we'll we'll find an explanation within 465 00:18:35,299 --> 00:18:32,460 the physical domain for the what it's 466 00:18:38,090 --> 00:18:35,309 like the kweli experiences whatever in 467 00:18:39,710 --> 00:18:38,100 in consciousness at least that's the 468 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:39,720 thinking and as long as you have no 469 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:42,330 other white crows the physicalist win 470 00:18:51,950 --> 00:18:47,610 just by default okay however this should 471 00:18:55,610 --> 00:18:51,960 be sie es psi RV provides some excellent 472 00:18:58,130 --> 00:18:55,620 white crows still and the court is out 473 00:19:00,169 --> 00:18:58,140 on those they are not inconclusive in 474 00:19:03,080 --> 00:19:00,179 this case okay 475 00:19:05,210 --> 00:19:03,090 so physical isms Achilles heel is causal 476 00:19:07,539 --> 00:19:05,220 closure of the physical domain what this 477 00:19:09,830 --> 00:19:07,549 means is and this is a premise that 478 00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:09,840 physicalists assume this is not 479 00:19:14,870 --> 00:19:12,510 something you can prove it's assumed and 480 00:19:17,029 --> 00:19:14,880 based on a lot of the physical evidence 481 00:19:19,549 --> 00:19:17,039 but there's still plenty of evidence to 482 00:19:20,980 --> 00:19:19,559 be found so no causal influences can 483 00:19:24,830 --> 00:19:20,990 enter from outside the physical domain 484 00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:24,840 and no causal influences can exit the 485 00:19:29,060 --> 00:19:26,580 physical domain to re-enter elsewhere 486 00:19:32,090 --> 00:19:29,070 what that means is you have the physical 487 00:19:33,649 --> 00:19:32,100 universe that's all there is that's the 488 00:19:35,049 --> 00:19:33,659 basic premise of physicalism the 489 00:19:37,399 --> 00:19:35,059 physical universe is all there is 490 00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:37,409 nothing can come in from outside to 491 00:19:41,690 --> 00:19:39,510 affect the physical universe if it did 492 00:19:43,190 --> 00:19:41,700 that would make it by certain definition 493 00:19:46,010 --> 00:19:43,200 non-physical okay 494 00:19:49,460 --> 00:19:46,020 and so that's excluded you also can't 495 00:19:51,409 --> 00:19:49,470 have something go from inside here up to 496 00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:51,419 the outside and erupt back into the 497 00:19:55,880 --> 00:19:53,460 inside you can't have a causal force do 498 00:19:58,670 --> 00:19:55,890 that either that violates closure and 499 00:20:00,500 --> 00:19:58,680 the whole reason is because there's mom 500 00:20:02,690 --> 00:20:00,510 nothing outside the physical universe 501 00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:02,700 for that to go into and so they just 502 00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:05,730 they basically postulate that there is 503 00:20:08,360 --> 00:20:07,110 nothing outside the physical universe 504 00:20:09,920 --> 00:20:08,370 that you cannot go outside the physical 505 00:20:12,590 --> 00:20:09,930 physical universe you can't bring 506 00:20:15,920 --> 00:20:12,600 anything in from the outside okay but 507 00:20:17,630 --> 00:20:15,930 that is an assumption and so that's the 508 00:20:20,390 --> 00:20:17,640 weak point of physicalism if you can 509 00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:20,400 show that closure is false you falsify 510 00:20:24,230 --> 00:20:22,770 physicalism and you allow the field to 511 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:24,240 be open for all kinds of things 512 00:20:30,380 --> 00:20:28,890 including SCI ESP whatever okay so let's 513 00:20:32,090 --> 00:20:30,390 talk about how this all work so I'm 514 00:20:33,140 --> 00:20:32,100 gonna get into causation a little bit 515 00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:33,150 here and I hope this will be a 516 00:20:37,610 --> 00:20:35,730 user-friendly way if not you can all 517 00:20:39,830 --> 00:20:37,620 pass out and or throw things at me then 518 00:20:42,380 --> 00:20:39,840 anyway there's three kinds of causal 519 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:42,390 chains that I'm going to talk about one 520 00:20:46,850 --> 00:20:44,610 is your standard normal usual causal 521 00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:46,860 chain cause-and-effect deterministic 522 00:20:52,190 --> 00:20:49,530 sort of process and this consists of a 523 00:20:55,010 --> 00:20:52,200 series of sequential steps that are 524 00:20:58,370 --> 00:20:55,020 causally relevant okay you can trace 525 00:21:00,110 --> 00:20:58,380 this backwards from a terminal event to 526 00:21:01,670 --> 00:21:00,120 the ancestor event and in fact you can 527 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:01,680 continue to trace it even further back 528 00:21:05,090 --> 00:21:04,050 from the ancestor event that's your 529 00:21:06,740 --> 00:21:05,100 standard thing you trace all the way 530 00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:06,750 back to the Big Bang assuming the Big 531 00:21:11,630 --> 00:21:08,730 Bang Big Bang really happened okay 532 00:21:13,490 --> 00:21:11,640 that's your standard causal chain so it 533 00:21:15,860 --> 00:21:13,500 goes like this and by the way this 534 00:21:19,070 --> 00:21:15,870 illustrates an actual family incident 535 00:21:21,470 --> 00:21:19,080 that happened many years ago and the boy 536 00:21:23,540 --> 00:21:21,480 that's implicated in this was about 5 at 537 00:21:24,980 --> 00:21:23,550 the time and he's now in the room at 27 538 00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:24,990 so he'll get a real thrill out of this 539 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:26,700 I'm sure at least this is how the story 540 00:21:30,970 --> 00:21:28,050 was told to me I found out later it may 541 00:21:33,020 --> 00:21:30,980 not be quite accurate okay so our 542 00:21:34,780 --> 00:21:33,030 terminating event is that a lamp 543 00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:34,790 striking the floor and shattering the 544 00:21:40,010 --> 00:21:37,230 boy has bumped the lamp which is what 545 00:21:43,250 --> 00:21:40,020 causes it to fall the dog bunts the boy 546 00:21:46,010 --> 00:21:43,260 which causes him to bump the lamp the 547 00:21:48,890 --> 00:21:46,020 explosion startles the dog okay 548 00:21:50,180 --> 00:21:48,900 a casserole dish explodes which is the 549 00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:50,190 explosion that startles a dog could 550 00:21:53,150 --> 00:21:51,570 cause the boy that bumped the lamp 551 00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:53,160 because they'll have to hit the floor 552 00:21:57,830 --> 00:21:55,710 right and the babysitter puts a 553 00:21:59,300 --> 00:21:57,840 casserole dish on the stove contrary to 554 00:22:00,680 --> 00:21:59,310 instructions in which he was supposed to 555 00:22:01,970 --> 00:22:00,690 put the ravioli in the casserole dish 556 00:22:03,860 --> 00:22:01,980 and put it in the oven he puts on the 557 00:22:07,010 --> 00:22:03,870 stove top instead instead and turns it 558 00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:07,020 on high very interesting change of 559 00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:09,810 events quite plausible turned out to be 560 00:22:14,650 --> 00:22:11,690 false but we won't go there okay 561 00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:14,660 okay so this is a standard causal chain 562 00:22:18,070 --> 00:22:16,400 you see how we chase that backwards okay 563 00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:18,080 and for those of you can't follow the 564 00:22:23,530 --> 00:22:19,910 diagrams I have it linearly here but I 565 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:23,540 only come back again okay all right so 566 00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:25,850 the next one and now this is terminology 567 00:22:29,770 --> 00:22:27,610 I've sort of invented there may be other 568 00:22:31,660 --> 00:22:29,780 similar concepts that have different 569 00:22:33,090 --> 00:22:31,670 terminology but capture the same thing 570 00:22:36,610 --> 00:22:33,100 but that's fine for here okay a 571 00:22:38,950 --> 00:22:36,620 truncated causal chain is a is one that 572 00:22:41,310 --> 00:22:38,960 violates closure okay it's a series of 573 00:22:44,290 --> 00:22:41,320 sequential a sequential 574 00:22:46,930 --> 00:22:44,300 causally relevant steps you can trace it 575 00:22:49,690 --> 00:22:46,940 backwards from the terminal event but at 576 00:22:52,090 --> 00:22:49,700 some point you discover the causal chain 577 00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:52,100 just sort of materialized in thin air 578 00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:54,170 and began from there that's why I call 579 00:22:58,570 --> 00:22:56,210 it truncated you don't have a genealogy 580 00:23:02,440 --> 00:22:58,580 you can't trace its answerís ancestry 581 00:23:05,560 --> 00:23:02,450 back past a certain point okay and so 582 00:23:07,690 --> 00:23:05,570 our our causal chain diagram goes 583 00:23:09,340 --> 00:23:07,700 something like this lamp strikes the 584 00:23:12,250 --> 00:23:09,350 floor and shatters the boy bumps the 585 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:12,260 lamp the dog bumps the boy screaming 586 00:23:17,140 --> 00:23:15,050 troll startles the dog the screaming 587 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:17,150 troll appears out of nowhere and we have 588 00:23:22,330 --> 00:23:19,930 no idea where the troll came from okay 589 00:23:24,580 --> 00:23:22,340 that's a truncated causal chain you have 590 00:23:27,070 --> 00:23:24,590 this sudden appearance which some might 591 00:23:30,910 --> 00:23:27,080 attribute to supernatural or 592 00:23:33,370 --> 00:23:30,920 non-physical or whatever okay and again 593 00:23:35,860 --> 00:23:33,380 here's the linear thing all right good 594 00:23:37,630 --> 00:23:35,870 so now here's the third one this is the 595 00:23:39,250 --> 00:23:37,640 intermittently truncated causal chain 596 00:23:40,780 --> 00:23:39,260 see when you get into philosophy you've 597 00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:40,790 got to be able to handle these terms 598 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:43,850 right and the longer you can make them 599 00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:49,010 the better your PhD is okay intermittent 600 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:50,930 weak truncated causal chain series of 601 00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:52,970 sequential e causal irrelevant steps 602 00:23:58,600 --> 00:23:55,490 just like the others you can trace it 603 00:24:01,350 --> 00:23:58,610 backwards from a terminal event to a 604 00:24:04,480 --> 00:24:01,360 sudden eruption into the physical domain 605 00:24:07,540 --> 00:24:04,490 but the further thing is you know what 606 00:24:09,220 --> 00:24:07,550 its ancestral originating event is okay 607 00:24:10,870 --> 00:24:09,230 so here's I'm going to illustrate and 608 00:24:12,850 --> 00:24:10,880 this was a bit more complicated I hope 609 00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:12,860 this makes sense to you okay we've got 610 00:24:17,410 --> 00:24:15,110 the lamp in the floor the boy hits the 611 00:24:19,630 --> 00:24:17,420 lamp the doll gets the boy the screaming 612 00:24:21,940 --> 00:24:19,640 troll scares the dog the screaming troll 613 00:24:24,270 --> 00:24:21,950 appears out of nowhere the troll 614 00:24:25,360 --> 00:24:24,280 reenters the physical domain from a 615 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:25,370 previous 616 00:24:30,580 --> 00:24:28,250 exit out of the physical domain at which 617 00:24:32,830 --> 00:24:30,590 point the screaming troll disappears 618 00:24:33,970 --> 00:24:32,840 explosion startles the family troll 619 00:24:35,799 --> 00:24:33,980 that's how you got him in the first 620 00:24:37,690 --> 00:24:35,809 place he was part of your pet menagerie 621 00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:37,700 okay 622 00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:40,340 the excursion the babysitter puts the 623 00:24:46,750 --> 00:24:43,850 casual dish on the on the stove okay now 624 00:24:50,530 --> 00:24:46,760 here's the whole thing are you 625 00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:50,540 overwhelmed but you get the idea now now 626 00:24:55,770 --> 00:24:51,910 it's time for the laser pointer okay 627 00:24:58,540 --> 00:24:55,780 casserole dish that's a physical event 628 00:25:00,820 --> 00:24:58,550 casserole dish explodes that's a 629 00:25:02,290 --> 00:25:00,830 physical event the explosion startled 630 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:02,300 the troll that also is the physical 631 00:25:08,020 --> 00:25:05,570 event the troll screams but he 632 00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:08,030 disappears that then goes outside of the 633 00:25:11,590 --> 00:25:09,710 physical domain okay 634 00:25:13,419 --> 00:25:11,600 he's floating around somewhere outside 635 00:25:14,980 --> 00:25:13,429 we don't care where he goes outside the 636 00:25:18,730 --> 00:25:14,990 physical domain he's out there somewhere 637 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:18,740 right but then he pops back in and then 638 00:25:21,669 --> 00:25:20,210 he scares the dog and the boy in the 639 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:21,679 lamp on the floor and then that's a 640 00:25:26,260 --> 00:25:22,970 physical again so you have this 641 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:26,270 intermediate section here that isn't 642 00:25:31,390 --> 00:25:29,570 within the physical domain and that is 643 00:25:33,190 --> 00:25:31,400 very problematical physicalism if you 644 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:33,200 can demonstrate an intermittent 645 00:25:39,910 --> 00:25:36,010 truncated causal chain okay 646 00:25:42,490 --> 00:25:39,920 so there we are linearly again so here 647 00:25:45,810 --> 00:25:42,500 are some examples excuse me a truncated 648 00:25:48,070 --> 00:25:45,820 causal chains apparitions mediumship 649 00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:48,080 spontaneous sighs certain cases there's 650 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:50,210 arguments here that can be made and 651 00:25:56,710 --> 00:25:52,610 interestingly the qualia consciousness 652 00:26:00,310 --> 00:25:56,720 argument because the the qualia if it is 653 00:26:03,730 --> 00:26:00,320 if qualia are non-physical as the 654 00:26:06,850 --> 00:26:03,740 argument goes then we don't know where 655 00:26:10,090 --> 00:26:06,860 they come from so that's a truncated 656 00:26:16,030 --> 00:26:10,100 causal chain now here are some examples 657 00:26:17,380 --> 00:26:16,040 of ITC seize the staring and other 658 00:26:19,570 --> 00:26:17,390 distance mental influence kinds of 659 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:19,580 experiments okay in a staring experiment 660 00:26:25,180 --> 00:26:21,170 you have someone who places 661 00:26:27,669 --> 00:26:25,190 intentionality on another person through 662 00:26:28,890 --> 00:26:27,679 some intermediary means so the subject 663 00:26:31,419 --> 00:26:28,900 doesn't know they're being stared at 664 00:26:34,810 --> 00:26:31,429 okay so that part of its known that's 665 00:26:36,700 --> 00:26:34,820 physically known then the person has the 666 00:26:38,350 --> 00:26:36,710 feeling either has the feeling of being 667 00:26:40,150 --> 00:26:38,360 stared at it indicates it or 668 00:26:41,410 --> 00:26:40,160 autonomic responses indicate there's 669 00:26:44,980 --> 00:26:41,420 some kind of attention being placed on 670 00:26:47,470 --> 00:26:44,990 that person but in a separate room or 671 00:26:49,480 --> 00:26:47,480 separate building whatever there is a 672 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:49,490 cause a big hole in the causation 673 00:26:53,740 --> 00:26:51,770 between the staring and the perception 674 00:26:57,010 --> 00:26:53,750 of being stared at and that is your 675 00:26:58,720 --> 00:26:57,020 intermittent passage through the 676 00:27:01,410 --> 00:26:58,730 non-physical domain whatever that might 677 00:27:03,550 --> 00:27:01,420 be gone spelled as an example of that 678 00:27:07,030 --> 00:27:03,560 presentiments pyramus that Dean Radin 679 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:07,040 has done a lot of or like that remote 680 00:27:10,420 --> 00:27:09,170 viewing is like that at particularly 681 00:27:11,950 --> 00:27:10,430 associated remote viewing and remote 682 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:11,960 viewing you have a spatial interrupt 683 00:27:17,260 --> 00:27:15,290 okay the viewer is in a place sitting 684 00:27:20,380 --> 00:27:17,270 down given a coordinate asking number 685 00:27:22,570 --> 00:27:20,390 writes down gets the perceptions the 686 00:27:25,330 --> 00:27:22,580 target the viewer is known location and 687 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:25,340 tasking is known the target is known to 688 00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:27,410 everybody but the viewer presumably well 689 00:27:31,090 --> 00:27:28,910 and whoever's associated the viewers 690 00:27:33,220 --> 00:27:31,100 double blind okay but how the 691 00:27:36,430 --> 00:27:33,230 information gets from here to here is 692 00:27:38,680 --> 00:27:36,440 completely unknown and so you have an 693 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:38,690 intermittent intermittently truncated 694 00:27:42,160 --> 00:27:39,770 causal chain all right 695 00:27:44,890 --> 00:27:42,170 associative remote viewing is both space 696 00:27:47,560 --> 00:27:44,900 and time it's a very powerful paradigm 697 00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:47,570 actually for trying to establish the 698 00:27:52,870 --> 00:27:49,810 reality of science P kinds of effects 699 00:27:54,580 --> 00:27:52,880 dowsing certain modes and there are 700 00:27:57,910 --> 00:27:54,590 plenty of others okay now here's the 701 00:27:59,710 --> 00:27:57,920 both TCC's nit sees violate the closure 702 00:28:03,570 --> 00:27:59,720 principle how am I on time I have been 703 00:28:05,530 --> 00:28:03,580 looking okay we may be good then okay 704 00:28:07,660 --> 00:28:05,540 both of them violate the closure 705 00:28:10,750 --> 00:28:07,670 principle but TCC's are not sufficiently 706 00:28:13,060 --> 00:28:10,760 convincing it's because you don't know 707 00:28:15,640 --> 00:28:13,070 where they start and the physicalists 708 00:28:19,240 --> 00:28:15,650 get by the consciousness argument by 709 00:28:21,370 --> 00:28:19,250 saying this okay we don't know why you 710 00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:21,380 have the feel you do when you see the 711 00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:24,050 color red or you feel warm sensation on 712 00:28:29,050 --> 00:28:25,930 your arm or whatever we don't know why 713 00:28:31,450 --> 00:28:29,060 but you can't show us where it comes 714 00:28:33,280 --> 00:28:31,460 from and we have very good confidence 715 00:28:35,950 --> 00:28:33,290 that neuroscience will eventually be 716 00:28:37,930 --> 00:28:35,960 able to explain it and so they can say 717 00:28:39,460 --> 00:28:37,940 we think there's a physical explanation 718 00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:39,470 we don't know what it is but we think 719 00:28:44,140 --> 00:28:41,990 there is okay and anytime you have a TCC 720 00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:44,150 and you don't know what the origin is 721 00:28:49,360 --> 00:28:47,840 it's very easy to dismiss and just say 722 00:28:51,389 --> 00:28:49,370 well we think there's a physical 723 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:51,399 explanation okay and they would have 724 00:28:55,289 --> 00:28:52,690 reasonable grounds for that because in 725 00:28:57,719 --> 00:28:55,299 most cases there would be however I 726 00:29:01,079 --> 00:28:57,729 TCC's are more powerful in this respect 727 00:29:02,899 --> 00:29:01,089 okay because you know the starting point 728 00:29:05,249 --> 00:29:02,909 you know the origin of the causal chain 729 00:29:06,570 --> 00:29:05,259 you can identify the point where that 730 00:29:08,129 --> 00:29:06,580 chain disappears from the physical 731 00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:08,139 universe and you can identify the point 732 00:29:12,269 --> 00:29:10,570 where it comes back in it's a lot easier 733 00:29:14,279 --> 00:29:12,279 to measure and observe and tell what's 734 00:29:16,529 --> 00:29:14,289 going on there and that's why in fact 735 00:29:19,229 --> 00:29:16,539 the ESP experiments and and other side 736 00:29:22,469 --> 00:29:19,239 related experiments that involve ITC C's 737 00:29:24,180 --> 00:29:22,479 are so powerful which is why the 738 00:29:26,430 --> 00:29:24,190 physicals are scared to death of them 739 00:29:28,469 --> 00:29:26,440 I've been reading reading physical as 740 00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:28,479 literature for a long time and these 741 00:29:34,469 --> 00:29:30,690 folks won't even look at the evidence 742 00:29:35,940 --> 00:29:34,479 because they know what the implications 743 00:29:38,879 --> 00:29:35,950 are if they acknowledge that this stuff 744 00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:38,889 is real and so they refuse to even 745 00:29:41,909 --> 00:29:40,210 accept the evidence without even 746 00:29:45,209 --> 00:29:41,919 investigating it for the most part 747 00:29:46,979 --> 00:29:45,219 they'll rely on third party skeptic 748 00:29:51,810 --> 00:29:46,989 assessments of us and stuff and assume 749 00:29:53,459 --> 00:29:51,820 that that's that that's accurate okay so 750 00:29:58,499 --> 00:29:53,469 that's the first part that's the first 751 00:29:59,789 --> 00:29:58,509 way that psy is essentially essential to 752 00:30:02,279 --> 00:29:59,799 preserving the whole idea of 753 00:30:04,499 --> 00:30:02,289 consciousness as and as conscious as in 754 00:30:06,869 --> 00:30:04,509 itself okay so here's part two I'm going 755 00:30:09,149 --> 00:30:06,879 to hit this fairly quickly it does the 756 00:30:11,579 --> 00:30:09,159 further thing for us okay we are we 757 00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:11,589 using kin terms of consciousness in 758 00:30:16,049 --> 00:30:13,570 terms of being awake and aware and all 759 00:30:18,810 --> 00:30:16,059 that I refer to that as conscious 760 00:30:20,459 --> 00:30:18,820 awareness we also have of course the 761 00:30:21,779 --> 00:30:20,469 subconscious and maybe the unconscious I 762 00:30:23,310 --> 00:30:21,789 don't want going to all of that but 763 00:30:24,629 --> 00:30:23,320 we've got conscious aware since I'm cut 764 00:30:26,759 --> 00:30:24,639 subconscious and we're used to thinking 765 00:30:30,359 --> 00:30:26,769 in that dichotomy kind of a dualistic 766 00:30:32,969 --> 00:30:30,369 way of thinking about consciousness okay 767 00:30:35,459 --> 00:30:32,979 and I think we make a mistake in 768 00:30:37,229 --> 00:30:35,469 dividing those things and it allows the 769 00:30:39,779 --> 00:30:37,239 physicalist actually some leverage when 770 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:39,789 we do that and this is the mistake that 771 00:30:45,570 --> 00:30:42,450 Susan Blackmore makes in that she 772 00:30:47,339 --> 00:30:45,580 focuses only unconscious awareness as as 773 00:30:49,109 --> 00:30:47,349 consciousness when I think we need to 774 00:30:50,279 --> 00:30:49,119 include both of them and this was 775 00:30:51,659 --> 00:30:50,289 actually mentioned yesterday and I've 776 00:30:53,849 --> 00:30:51,669 already forgotten who talked about it 777 00:30:55,529 --> 00:30:53,859 talked about having a broader notion of 778 00:30:58,469 --> 00:30:55,539 consciousness where where the whole 779 00:31:01,049 --> 00:30:58,479 human mental life whether it's above or 780 00:31:03,029 --> 00:31:01,059 below the liminal threshold is regarded 781 00:31:04,469 --> 00:31:03,039 as conscious this consciousness and I 782 00:31:04,799 --> 00:31:04,479 think we need to address it that way 783 00:31:07,350 --> 00:31:04,809 else 784 00:31:08,430 --> 00:31:07,360 I'll explain why okay first of all I'm 785 00:31:10,289 --> 00:31:08,440 going to give you some remote viewing 786 00:31:12,330 --> 00:31:10,299 examples because they'll illustrate my 787 00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:12,340 point and plus you'll think they're cool 788 00:31:15,119 --> 00:31:13,690 I hope okay 789 00:31:17,669 --> 00:31:15,129 so this is a famous example from 790 00:31:19,139 --> 00:31:17,679 Stargate this was the famous typhoon 791 00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:19,149 submarine session that Jill mcmoneagle 792 00:31:23,249 --> 00:31:21,460 did they were given a coordinate 793 00:31:25,110 --> 00:31:23,259 geographic coordinate and they started 794 00:31:27,180 --> 00:31:25,120 describing this big building which was 795 00:31:28,499 --> 00:31:27,190 the goal now we knew what the building 796 00:31:30,269 --> 00:31:28,509 looked like we didn't know was going on 797 00:31:31,769 --> 00:31:30,279 inside of is this huge massive building 798 00:31:33,509 --> 00:31:31,779 the Soviets have built in a shipyard in 799 00:31:34,499 --> 00:31:33,519 the Kola Peninsula it's about a quarter 800 00:31:37,289 --> 00:31:34,509 of a mile from the water 801 00:31:38,730 --> 00:31:37,299 jace the joint known in national 802 00:31:40,259 --> 00:31:38,740 security council was afraid they were 803 00:31:41,580 --> 00:31:40,269 building a fleet size aircraft carrier 804 00:31:43,289 --> 00:31:41,590 in there that's how big the building was 805 00:31:44,580 --> 00:31:43,299 okay and that would have changed the 806 00:31:47,639 --> 00:31:44,590 balance of power those are all kinds of 807 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:47,649 worries about it so somebody on the 808 00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:49,330 council a staffer on the council knew 809 00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:52,090 about the RV program and tasked the 810 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:53,710 program with trying to find out what was 811 00:31:56,879 --> 00:31:55,450 in the building so they described the 812 00:31:59,009 --> 00:31:56,889 building through these sketches and then 813 00:32:00,169 --> 00:31:59,019 once they had drawn convincing sketches 814 00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:00,179 of what the building looked like and 815 00:32:05,070 --> 00:32:02,710 shown that through ESP they could 816 00:32:06,450 --> 00:32:05,080 recognize it they show them the picture 817 00:32:08,070 --> 00:32:06,460 of it and then they went on describe the 818 00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:08,080 insides of it okay there's actual 819 00:32:11,879 --> 00:32:10,450 building today thanks to is it 820 00:32:13,499 --> 00:32:11,889 perestroika or the fall of the Berlin 821 00:32:15,989 --> 00:32:13,509 Wall whatever we can now get pictures of 822 00:32:18,359 --> 00:32:15,999 these places okay there's the building 823 00:32:23,359 --> 00:32:18,369 again okay and there's a satellite view 824 00:32:28,109 --> 00:32:23,369 of it okay there's a there's a viewer 825 00:32:30,659 --> 00:32:28,119 sketch of it based on just RV sort of 826 00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:30,669 information and how it looks and then 827 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:32,080 they said that inside this building are 828 00:32:38,399 --> 00:32:33,730 these things that either are pregnant 829 00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:38,409 kazoos or submarines okay more diagrams 830 00:32:41,190 --> 00:32:39,610 I'm gonna I'm going to kind of burn 831 00:32:42,659 --> 00:32:41,200 through these because I'm running short 832 00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:42,669 on time picture of what the inside of it 833 00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:44,110 actually looks as compared to help what 834 00:32:49,289 --> 00:32:45,850 they sketched remember this is all RV 835 00:32:51,149 --> 00:32:49,299 data and you'll explain how significant 836 00:32:52,649 --> 00:32:51,159 that is in a minute okay again they 837 00:32:54,930 --> 00:32:52,659 describe this huge crane and all that 838 00:32:56,549 --> 00:32:54,940 and then gentlemen want to go drew this 839 00:32:59,009 --> 00:32:56,559 sketch of the submarine and described it 840 00:33:00,480 --> 00:32:59,019 okay and he put the missile tubes in 841 00:33:01,859 --> 00:33:00,490 front of the sail it's the sale or the 842 00:33:03,570 --> 00:33:01,869 conning tower which at that time was 843 00:33:05,279 --> 00:33:03,580 heresy considered heresy by naval 844 00:33:07,379 --> 00:33:05,289 architect because you never put missile 845 00:33:10,289 --> 00:33:07,389 tubes in front of the of the sail on the 846 00:33:12,180 --> 00:33:10,299 sub because as you when you open the 847 00:33:14,129 --> 00:33:12,190 tubes the water had pour in right okay 848 00:33:18,359 --> 00:33:14,139 well anyway and he described this to 849 00:33:18,899 --> 00:33:18,369 this sub as being huge okay and here 850 00:33:20,759 --> 00:33:18,909 actually 851 00:33:22,529 --> 00:33:20,769 shows you a picture of a typhoon tied up 852 00:33:26,249 --> 00:33:22,539 at the very dock and many years later 853 00:33:27,599 --> 00:33:26,259 next to Kiev class whatever you want to 854 00:33:29,159 --> 00:33:27,609 call it service combat it's kind of an 855 00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:29,169 aircraft carrier and you can see that 856 00:33:32,820 --> 00:33:30,700 sub is huge because this is an aircraft 857 00:33:37,649 --> 00:33:32,830 carrier sized vessel here and that sub 858 00:33:38,879 --> 00:33:37,659 is huge okay so anyway ten months after 859 00:33:41,159 --> 00:33:38,889 the last remote viewing session they 860 00:33:42,629 --> 00:33:41,169 floated out the typhoon the NSC had 861 00:33:44,489 --> 00:33:42,639 thought the reviewing stuff was bogus 862 00:33:46,619 --> 00:33:44,499 nobody in the Western world knew what 863 00:33:48,989 --> 00:33:46,629 was in that building and yet when the 864 00:33:51,180 --> 00:33:48,999 sub came out they found out that it was 865 00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:51,190 exactly as Joe mcmoneagle and the other 866 00:33:55,289 --> 00:33:52,690 viewer that worked on this had described 867 00:33:57,299 --> 00:33:55,299 it you can see how the compare there's a 868 00:33:59,009 --> 00:33:57,309 few differences but you can understand 869 00:34:00,149 --> 00:33:59,019 how those would be these are the things 870 00:34:01,469 --> 00:34:00,159 that were correct there were three to 871 00:34:03,659 --> 00:34:01,479 four submarines inside the building 872 00:34:05,669 --> 00:34:03,669 construction was of a huge seven with 873 00:34:07,409 --> 00:34:05,679 tubes for the sail I got one minute to 874 00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:07,419 go so if would be launched in several 875 00:34:13,409 --> 00:34:09,510 months ok so here's some more examples 876 00:34:15,990 --> 00:34:13,419 you see how close those come this is an 877 00:34:17,369 --> 00:34:16,000 ARV you wouldn't know what that was 878 00:34:20,430 --> 00:34:17,379 looking at it until you saw the feedback 879 00:34:22,470 --> 00:34:20,440 photo now I've got one three sessions on 880 00:34:26,279 --> 00:34:22,480 the same target at in different years 881 00:34:28,680 --> 00:34:26,289 all done double blind okay so this 882 00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:28,690 target is thick gray structure colors 883 00:34:32,190 --> 00:34:31,450 involved gray brown and ochre that was 884 00:34:34,200 --> 00:34:32,200 the target 885 00:34:35,609 --> 00:34:34,210 here's another session on the same thing 886 00:34:39,930 --> 00:34:35,619 see the multiple structures here is 887 00:34:44,309 --> 00:34:39,940 showing whoops yeah also same color same 888 00:34:49,169 --> 00:34:47,309 this one was quite striking tah also 889 00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:49,179 talking about sandy and rocky okay the 890 00:34:53,669 --> 00:34:52,000 point of this is that all of these 891 00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:53,679 things these colors everything involved 892 00:34:56,819 --> 00:34:55,510 qualia they involve conscious experience 893 00:34:58,589 --> 00:34:56,829 and yet that is emerging from the 894 00:35:00,240 --> 00:34:58,599 subconscious remote viewing is clearly 895 00:35:01,980 --> 00:35:00,250 implicated in subconscious experience 896 00:35:04,380 --> 00:35:01,990 that stuff's coming up from it's time 897 00:35:08,370 --> 00:35:04,390 for Q&A okay so here's my final point 898 00:35:10,319 --> 00:35:08,380 two seconds okay according to black more 899 00:35:12,210 --> 00:35:10,329 conscious involves perception cognition 900 00:35:13,710 --> 00:35:12,220 for all experience intentionality the RV 901 00:35:16,529 --> 00:35:13,720 shows that that stuff's going on below 902 00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:16,539 the liminal threshold as well we need to 903 00:35:21,420 --> 00:35:18,490 we specify consciousness too narrowly 904 00:35:23,299 --> 00:35:21,430 and limiting helps the physicalist by 905 00:35:26,220 --> 00:35:23,309 limiting our specification of 906 00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:26,230 consciousness and so two ways ESP helps 907 00:35:29,849 --> 00:35:27,730 as evidence that's physicalism is false 908 00:35:32,370 --> 00:35:29,859 and that specification of consciousness 909 00:35:41,660 --> 00:35:32,380 is too narrow we can 910 00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:45,810 so information if you're interested here 911 00:35:57,180 --> 00:35:46,930 you go okay 912 00:36:00,090 --> 00:35:57,190 thank you very much thank you polls Jim 913 00:36:02,250 --> 00:36:00,100 beekler I agree with almost everything 914 00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:02,260 you say but I would go and I think you 915 00:36:05,070 --> 00:36:03,610 did a very good job some things you say 916 00:36:06,990 --> 00:36:05,080 I say in my own writings but I would go 917 00:36:10,290 --> 00:36:07,000 a bit further and that you're talking 918 00:36:12,930 --> 00:36:10,300 about physicalism but there's a further 919 00:36:14,580 --> 00:36:12,940 separation physical world off things 920 00:36:16,590 --> 00:36:14,590 that are material or physical but not 921 00:36:17,970 --> 00:36:16,600 everything is physical as material we 922 00:36:19,230 --> 00:36:17,980 also have electromagnetic and 923 00:36:22,470 --> 00:36:19,240 gravitational fields which are 924 00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:22,480 completely physical but non material so 925 00:36:29,010 --> 00:36:25,050 I would posit the consciousness is 926 00:36:31,410 --> 00:36:29,020 actually a field struck or life as a 927 00:36:34,410 --> 00:36:31,420 field structure mind is electromagnetic 928 00:36:37,530 --> 00:36:34,420 structure and consciousness self is 929 00:36:39,330 --> 00:36:37,540 magnetic potential structure completely 930 00:36:42,540 --> 00:36:39,340 non material but still physical okay 931 00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:42,550 first of all I agree if I'd had 45 932 00:36:47,730 --> 00:36:45,690 minutes I'd gone further to okay but 933 00:36:49,680 --> 00:36:47,740 physicalism actually does include and 934 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:49,690 that's why I said energy matter and 935 00:36:53,580 --> 00:36:52,330 energy so physical is materialism and 936 00:36:56,010 --> 00:36:53,590 physical isms terms are almost 937 00:36:57,300 --> 00:36:56,020 isomorphic there are some nuances that I 938 00:36:59,730 --> 00:36:57,310 don't think make a big difference but 939 00:37:01,770 --> 00:36:59,740 but nonetheless physical physical ISM is 940 00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:01,780 kind of the modern term for materialism 941 00:37:05,550 --> 00:37:03,880 however I would disagree with your 942 00:37:08,850 --> 00:37:05,560 premise about electromagnetism in mind 943 00:37:10,980 --> 00:37:08,860 all of the evidence the really strongly 944 00:37:13,230 --> 00:37:10,990 attested evidence seems to indicate that 945 00:37:15,660 --> 00:37:13,240 there is not that that there are non 946 00:37:17,220 --> 00:37:15,670 electromagnetic components to size 947 00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:17,230 phenomenon and I think Dean would 948 00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:18,910 probably support that we'll find out a 949 00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:21,610 little bit there was a long series of 950 00:37:25,860 --> 00:37:23,590 experiments done at SR I some stuff is 951 00:37:26,940 --> 00:37:25,870 done at SAIC where they tried to find 952 00:37:29,430 --> 00:37:26,950 out if there's an electromagnetic 953 00:37:31,620 --> 00:37:29,440 component to it and their final 954 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:31,630 conclusion was that there is not oh here 955 00:37:36,910 --> 00:37:32,890 uh CIL's up here would you agree with 956 00:37:42,920 --> 00:37:36,920 that Russell he does okay all right 957 00:37:44,300 --> 00:37:42,930 yeah okay all right so anyway that's we 958 00:37:46,250 --> 00:37:44,310 could have a big debate about that and 959 00:37:50,089 --> 00:37:46,260 there are ongoing debates but that would 960 00:37:52,660 --> 00:37:50,099 be my response to that so okay the other 961 00:37:56,510 --> 00:37:52,670 question yeah hi my name is Kenny Arnett 962 00:37:59,000 --> 00:37:56,520 I am very impressed with your analysis 963 00:38:00,470 --> 00:37:59,010 of causal chains and it bears some 964 00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:00,480 resemblance to some things I've done in 965 00:38:03,890 --> 00:38:02,490 the past and I'd like to suggest to you 966 00:38:06,290 --> 00:38:03,900 that there are some other sources of 967 00:38:08,690 --> 00:38:06,300 white crows in addition to sign and 968 00:38:11,720 --> 00:38:08,700 those would be the near-death experience 969 00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:11,730 after death communications and evidence 970 00:38:15,890 --> 00:38:14,310 of reincarnation okay so I think that 971 00:38:17,420 --> 00:38:15,900 there's more out there that we could 972 00:38:18,980 --> 00:38:17,430 bring in to this kind of analysis it 973 00:38:22,010 --> 00:38:18,990 kind of depends on how you parse the 974 00:38:24,140 --> 00:38:22,020 word sigh and when I use it I kind of 975 00:38:26,330 --> 00:38:24,150 include those things as well since we 976 00:38:29,960 --> 00:38:26,340 really don't know the etiology of those 977 00:38:31,970 --> 00:38:29,970 things right I kind of embrace anything 978 00:38:36,140 --> 00:38:31,980 that seems to go beyond the physical 979 00:38:40,570 --> 00:38:36,150 domain under the category okay another 980 00:38:43,970 --> 00:38:40,580 question and rebound in a causal chain 981 00:38:46,970 --> 00:38:43,980 going from one step to the next is a 982 00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:46,980 hundred percent certain in your 983 00:38:54,260 --> 00:38:51,690 intermediate interupted one the question 984 00:38:57,230 --> 00:38:54,270 is whether the screaming troll that 985 00:39:01,070 --> 00:38:57,240 disappears is identical with the one 986 00:39:04,550 --> 00:39:01,080 that reappears and that's a transporter 987 00:39:07,609 --> 00:39:04,560 problem in Star Trek isn't it well it 988 00:39:11,540 --> 00:39:07,619 seems to me that the problem of 989 00:39:14,859 --> 00:39:11,550 identifying those things comes down to 990 00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:14,869 always a statistical and a probabilistic 991 00:39:25,400 --> 00:39:20,250 argument so the the the question still 992 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:25,410 remains to find convincing arguments 993 00:39:31,220 --> 00:39:28,010 which are statistical and probabilistic 994 00:39:34,040 --> 00:39:31,230 instead of hundred percents 995 00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:34,050 well first of all you're raising 996 00:39:37,690 --> 00:39:35,970 problems that are both epistemic and 997 00:39:40,250 --> 00:39:37,700 metaphysical in terms of philosophy 998 00:39:41,720 --> 00:39:40,260 cause there's lots of debate still going 999 00:39:43,609 --> 00:39:41,730 on what causality is how it all works 1000 00:39:47,720 --> 00:39:43,619 together and all that kind of thing and 1001 00:39:49,430 --> 00:39:47,730 how we know what we know it goes into 1002 00:39:50,839 --> 00:39:49,440 the statistics than that and and 1003 00:39:52,309 --> 00:39:50,849 fact there's just no time to address 1004 00:39:53,690 --> 00:39:52,319 those kind of issues here I had to 1005 00:39:56,569 --> 00:39:53,700 simplify in order to fit it all together 1006 00:39:59,000 --> 00:39:56,579 but in fact if we go with your premise 1007 00:40:01,250 --> 00:39:59,010 there is one problem we have to treat 1008 00:40:03,740 --> 00:40:01,260 the rest of the world the same way and 1009 00:40:05,930 --> 00:40:03,750 it's not just sigh experiences it's not 1010 00:40:07,460 --> 00:40:05,940 just these kind of extra physical kinds 1011 00:40:09,890 --> 00:40:07,470 of things that occur that you treat that 1012 00:40:11,569 --> 00:40:09,900 way but the rest of our perception of 1013 00:40:14,839 --> 00:40:11,579 the rest world has similar problems and 1014 00:40:16,849 --> 00:40:14,849 so in fact life is a statistical game we 1015 00:40:19,040 --> 00:40:16,859 gauge the probability of the truth of 1016 00:40:20,839 --> 00:40:19,050 what we know based on how it fits into 1017 00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:20,849 the context or coheres with the rest of 1018 00:40:25,670 --> 00:40:24,210 everything else that we know and so we 1019 00:40:27,530 --> 00:40:25,680 just weigh evidence that's all we do is 1020 00:40:29,059 --> 00:40:27,540 weigh evidence and we think we know 1021 00:40:31,010 --> 00:40:29,069 something but we only know it better 1022 00:40:32,780 --> 00:40:31,020 than we then we know something else it